ASSESSMENT OF DEPRESSION PREVALENCE IN KARACHI POPULATION

Abstract

This study explores the two-way relationship between depression and immune system dysfunction, focusing on how emotional distress can translate into physical illness. A cross-sectional study was carried out on 100 participants in Pakistan, mainly students and young adults. A multiple-choice questionnaire was designed to assess participants emotional well-being alongside physical symptoms such as fatigue, chronic pain, and frequency of illness, in order to identify possible immune-related issues. The results indicate a notably high prevalence of depressive symptoms, particularly among females (85%) and individuals aged 19–28 (87%). Many participants also reported physical health concerns commonly linked to weakened immunity, including gastrointestinal issues (62%), persistent fatigue (62%), and joint pain (51%). In addition, 43% of respondents reported falling ill multiple times a year, suggesting reduced immune resilience. These findings align with established biological explanations, including increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and over-activation of the (HPA) axis, both of which connect chronic stress to systemic inflammation and possible long-term neurological effects. The study is limited by its relatively small sample size (n = 100) and its focus on a specific population in Pakistan, which may affect the generalizability of the findings. With 74% of participants reporting that they had not received any form of treatment, the findings highlight an urgent need for more accessible and integrated mental health services. Addressing both the psychological and physical aspects of depression is essential to reduce long-term health risks. This study contributes to existing literature by combining survey-based evidence with insights from neuro-immunology, emphasizing the significant physical consequences of untreated depression among young adults