FROM CRAVINGS TO CARCINOGENESIS: A REVIEW OF SUGAR’S DUAL ROLE IN ADDICTION AND CANCER

Abstract

Today, the primary global health concern is the excessive intake of added sugars, which surpasses obesity and diabetes. This report aims to bring together the facts on sugar, both as a potentially addictive substance and as a factor that may contribute to the development of cancer. The report highlights the neurobiological mechanisms by which refined sugars can serve as super stimuli for dopamine reward pathways in the mesolimbic system. Consequently, it produces neuroadaptations that are indistinguishable from those caused by drug addiction resulting in down regulation of dopamine receptors, impairment of the prefrontal cortex, and loss of control over intake. Eventually, this results in compulsive overeating, as this addictive feedback loop maintains prolonged and excessive exposure over time. Additionally, the key oncogenic mechanisms driven by this long-term high exposure include; 1) the high glucose supply leading to Warburg effect in neoplastic cells, 2) hyperinsulinemia and high IGF 1 activity which activates proliferative pathways such as PI3K Akt mTOR, 3) oxidative stress and inflammation leading to genotoxicity, and 4) obesity, which itself is a carcinogen.  We propose that the carcinogenic and addictive effects of sugar are mutually reinforcing and thereby, generate a destructive feedback loop of self-perpetuation. Therefore, cessation of sugar consumption should be identified as a primary preventative measure against carcinoma, aligning with established oncological and health advisories that recommend minimizing sugar intake to reduce its carcinogenic potential.