Hematological Profiles, and Socio-Demographic Risk Factors of Anemia in Pregnant Women District Swat.

Abstract

Background: Anemia during pregnancy is a critical public health concern, particularly in low-resource settings like Pakistan. It elevates risks for maternal mortality, preterm birth, low infant birth weight, and fetal developmental issues. Despite its severity, detailed data on its prevalence and socio-demographic determinants among pregnant women in District Swat, Pakistan, remains scarce.

Objective: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of anemia, assess hematological profiles, and identify associated socio-demographic risk factors in pregnant women District Swat.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from January to June 2024. It included 1,143 pregnant women (aged 15-45) randomly selected from healthcare facilities. Data on age, education, income, and prenatal care were collected via questionnaire. Blood samples analyzed hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH). Anemia was defined as Hb < 11 g/dL. Statistical analysis used SPSS and Excel, employing Chi-square tests.

Results: The overall anemia prevalence was 45.37%, peaking in Tehsils Kabal (53.73%) and Matta (50.82%). Highest rates were among women aged 20-35 (64.52%), those with low income (65.21%), and no formal education (74.48%). The second trimester showed the highest prevalence (59.25%). Average hemoglobin was 8.23 ± 2.15 g/dL, with 35.46% having moderate (Hb 7-9.9 g/dL) and 10.06% severe anemia (Hb < 7 g/dL). Mean MCV and MCH were 76.4 ± 7.8 fL and 24.9 ± 3.2 pg, respectively, indicating widespread iron deficiency. Significant associations existed between anemia and age, education, income, and trimester.

Conclusion: Anemia is highly prevalent among pregnant women in District Swat, strongly linked to socio-economic disadvantage and limited education. Findings underscore an urgent need for targeted interventions, including enhanced iron supplementation programs, nutritional education, and improved access to prenatal care, especially for vulnerable groups.