Advancement and Controversies in Alzheimer's Disease: Technological Innovations and the Way Forward

Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder and the most common cause of dementia worldwide, posing a significant global health burden. Despite decades of research, its precise pathogenesis remains incompletely understood, with emerging evidence pointing to a multifactorial etiology involving amyloid-beta (Aβ) accumulation, hyperphosphorylation, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and synaptic loss. Genetic and environmental factors further contribute to disease onset and progression, particularly in sporadic AD. Recent therapeutic advances have focused on targeting Aβ and tau pathology, modulating neuroinflammation, and enhancing neuronal survival. However, most clinical trials have yielded limited success, highlighting the urgent need for multifaceted and personalized therapeutic strategies. This review synthesizes current insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying AD and evaluates recent breakthroughs in drug development, immunotherapy, and lifestyle-based interventions. A deeper understanding of AD pathogenesis may pave the way for more effective diagnostics and therapeutic approaches, ultimately improving patient outcomes and quality of life.