Synthetic Antioxidants in Food and Pharma: A Comprehensive Toxicological Review of BHA, BHT, and TBHQ

Abstract

The most commonly used synthetic phenolic antioxidants (SPAs) are butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), which are widely used in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries to prevent lipid oxidation. Although they have long been regulated, new toxicological findings are casting doubt on the belief that these compounds are biologically inactive at allowable dosages. This review is a synthesis of existing information on the physicochemical and toxicokinetic properties and molecular actions of these additives. There is some evidence, though, that SPAs are metabolically activated to produce reactive intermediates, such as quinone methides and semiquinones, which cause oxidative stress, endocrine disruption, and immunotoxicity. According to bio-monitoring evidence, humans are widely exposed (much higher than dietary model estimates) and do accumulate in the urine, serum, and breast milk. This review identifies the differences between international regulatory frameworks- especially between the EU and the US and the necessity of cumulative risk estimates that consider vulnerable groups, including children and pregnant women.