Role, Innovative Features, And Applications of Novel Enzymes in Animal Physiology

Abstract

Regeneration of limb tissues and other organs in urodeles can be controlled through biological processes that are highly conserved in tetrapod and like humans that have a potential to regenerate their complex structures. They regenerate their lost appendages through different processes that involved in proliferation, differentiation and migration of proximal cells of amputation. Metalloproteinases (MMPs) are important group of proteases consist of a catalytic and peptide domains where the zinc ion binds and participates in the remolding of extracellular matrix by degrading the certain constituents. MMPs are involved in improving the potential of wound to regenerate. Level of MMPs 3, MMP 9 and MMP 13 upregulated during the amputation of limbs and shows the highest expression of these proteins for the proteolytic activity of limb. Matrix metalloproteinases are required or essential for the limb regeneration of axolotls and prevent the formation of scars during regeneration process. This review article focused on the structure, regulation of MMPs and TIMPs, mechanism of action and roles of matrix metalloproteinases in limb regeneration in urodele amphibians (Axolotls).