Integrated In Vitro and In Silico Evaluation of the Antibacterial Potential of Black Pepper (Piper nigrum) Against Multidrug-Resistant Pathogens

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19438444

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global threat, leading to the failure of conventional antibiotics against multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, which cause severe infections. The growing resistance necessitates alternative antimicrobial agents. Black pepper (Piper nigrum), a common spice with medicinal properties, contains bioactive compounds such as piperine, flavonoids, and alkaloids that exhibit antimicrobial effects. However, scientific validation against resistant bacterial strains remains limited. This study evaluates black pepper’s antibacterial effects against antibiotic-resistant bacteria using in vitro assays and in silico methods to analyze bioactive compound interactions with bacterial proteins. It is hypothesized that black pepper significantly inhibits bacterial growth by interfering with cell functions, supported by molecular docking and ADMET analysis. In vitro antibacterial assays, including agar well diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) tests, assess the efficacy of black pepper extracts, while in silico analysis predicts compound binding affinity, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity. Preliminary results indicate that black pepper exhibits moderate to strong antibacterial activity, with MIC values varying based on concentration and extraction method. In silico studies show strong binding affinities of bioactive compounds like piperine with bacterial proteins involved in resistance mechanisms. ADMET analysis confirms favorable pharmacokinetic properties, suggesting potential for therapeutic use. These findings support black pepper as a promising natural antimicrobial agent, aligning in vitro and in silico results. Further research, including clinical studies and advanced formulations, is needed to enhance its efficacy and explore its role in combating AMR.