Three Dimenionsal Schwann Cell Culture Models In Peripheral Nerve Regenration: Advances And Future Perspctives

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19229166

Abstract

Significant impairment results from peripheral nerve injuries (PNIs), although endogenous recovery is frequently insufficient and sluggish (1). Schwann cells (SCs), the myelinating glia of the peripheral nervous system, are essential for nerve healing because they direct axon regeneration, remove debris, and remyelinate regenerating axons (2)(3). Conventional two-dimensional (2D) SC preparations frequently result in altered shape and decreased neurotrophic factor synthesis because they lack the intricate spatial cues and cell–matrix interactions of in vivo nerve tissue (5). Spheroids, hydrogels, scaffolds, and bioprinted structures are examples of three-dimensional (3D) SC culture models that maintain SC phenotypic and function while more closely mimicking the in vivo milieu. This narrative summary examines the biology of SCs and their roles in regeneration (Section 2), the emergence of 3D SC systems (Section 4) and their variations (Section 5), and the drawbacks of 2D culture (Section 3). We compare biomaterials (natural, synthetic, and hybrid; Table 2), model techniques (Table 1), and important studies (Table 3). Co-culture methods, stem cell-derived SCs, and advanced biomaterials (such conductive polymers and decellularized matrices) enhance 3D models even further. Applications include in vitro drug screening, disease modeling platforms, and nerve tissue engineering (grafts and conduits) (7) (8). Replicating the full brain architecture and transferring it to the clinic remains difficult despite advancements. Future potential include more biomimetic bioinks, stem cells derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and standardized techniques to connect the lab and bedside. All things considered, 3D SC cultures have the potential to improve peripheral nerve regeneration studies and therapies (10).