A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW ON TYPES, MECHANISM AND NANOPARTICLE BASED TREATMENT OF BLOOD CANCER

Abstract

Blood cancer is a heterogeneous category of hematological malignancies that are caused by the impairment of genetic and epigenetic changes in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. The three main subtypes are leukemia, lymphoma and myeloma, which appear as a disruption to normal hematopoiesis and is caused by the uncontrolled growth of malignant blood cells due to the various lymphoid or myeloid lineages. Globally, the malignancies cause a significant disease burden in the form of morbidity and mortality associated with cancer that is especially clear in developing nations like Pakistan. The core of clinical treatment is made up of conventional therapeutic modalities, including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy, and blood transfusion; however, the efficacy of these modalities is often limited by systemic toxicity, multidrug resistance, relapse of the disease, and little specificity to malignant cells. The recent developments in nanomedicine have produced novel nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems that aim to enhance therapeutic effects whilst minimize off-target toxicity. Nanocarriers, including liposomes, dendrimers, quantum dots, carbon nanotubes, and metallic nanoparticles (including platinum, silver, palladium, and gold) have been shown to have potential anticancer activity due to their enhanced pharmacokinetics, targeted delivery, controlled drug release, and the ability to regulate molecular signaling pathways (including PI3K/AKT, p53 and caspase -mediated apoptosis). These nanosystems enable passive and active tumor targeting, increase drug bioavailability and provides great diagnostic and prognostic capabilities. It is a broad overview of modern literature review of the perspectives of blood cancer subtypes, the underlying molecular pathways, conventional treatment procedures, and novel nanoparticles-based interventions. The review by incorporating mechanistic knowledge with the current technological breakthroughs highlights the translational promise of nanotechnology to enhance the accuracy of diagnostics, provide targeted treatment, and eventually increase the general clinical outcome in the treatment of hematological malignancies