Evaluation of Antibiotic Prescription Patterns in Hospitalized Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract

Inappropriate antibiotic use in hospitals is a major contributor to antimicrobial resistance (AMR), posing a serious global health challenge. In Pakistan, empirical prescribing and limited diagnostic support often lead to irrational antibiotic use. This cross-sectional study was conducted at Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar, from January to June 2025, to evaluate antibiotic prescription patterns and their appropriateness among hospitalized patients. A total of 200 patients aged 18 years and above who received at least one antibiotic were included. Data regarding demographics, types and frequency of antibiotics, route of administration, and empirical versus culture-guided therapy were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The mean age of patients was 45.3 ± 16.2 years, with 59% males and 41% females. A total of 312 antibiotic prescriptions were recorded, with ceftriaxone (22.8%), piperacillin-tazobactam (18.6%), and meropenem (15.1%) being the most frequently prescribed. Broad-spectrum antibiotics constituted 64% of all prescriptions. Overall, 64% of prescriptions were appropriate, while 36% were inappropriate due to prolonged duration, unjustified broad-spectrum use, or lack of documentation. Empirical therapy was predominant (71%), and only 29% of prescriptions were based on culture and sensitivity testing. The findings indicate high reliance on empirical and broad-spectrum antibiotic use, reflecting weak diagnostic stewardship and poor adherence to guidelines. Strengthening antimicrobial stewardship programs, promoting prescriber education, and encouraging culture-guided therapy are essential steps toward rational antibiotic use and controlling antimicrobial resistance in hospital settings.