NANOPARTICLES FOR BIOMEDICAL USE: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW

Abstract

Nanotechnology has introduced groundbreaking openings in the field of medicine, with nanoparticles (NPs) at the forefront of this innovation. Characterized by their distinct size, tailored surface properties, and multifaceted functionality, NPs have found applications in medicine delivery, imaging diagnostics, and antimicrobial therapy. This review summarizes current developments in biomedical applications of nanoparticles, pressing their advantages, mechanism of action, and potential limitations. Innovative nanocarriers like liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, and metallic nanostructures have significantly enhanced the therapeutic index of drugs while minimizing adverse effects. Furthermore, nanoparticles have enabled high-sensitivity biosensing and real-time imaging, contributing to earlier disease detection and improved patient outcomes. It also explores the integration of diagnostic and therapeutic functions in theranostic (a medical approach that combines diagnostic imaging and targeted therapy using radioactive drugs) platforms and addresses the ongoing challenges related to toxicity, immunogenicity, regulatory approval, and large-scale production. Finally, future prospects are elaborated, emphasizing the growing potential of personalized nanomedicine, AI (Artificial Intelligence) -assisted diagnostics, and smart nanosystems in revolutionizing the landscape of biomedical science.

Keywords: Nanoparticles, Medicine delivery, Diagnostics, Theranostics, Biomedical nanotechnology, Antimicrobial activity