Nutritional and Socio-Demographic Determinants of Hemoglobin Deficiency Among Unmarried Females

Abstract

Hemoglobin deficiency is a major public health problem among adolescent and young women, particularly in developing countries, where nutritional deficiencies and socioeconomic factors increase the risk of anemia. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of hemoglobin deficiency and its associated factors among unmarried females aged 14–24 years. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 200 unmarried females aged 14–24 years. Socio-demographic and dietary information was collected using a structured questionnaire. Anthropometric measurements were recorded, and venous blood samples were collected to determine hemoglobin concentration using a hematology analyzer. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and presented as frequencies, percentages, mean, and standard deviation. Out of the 200 participants, 95 (47.5%) were anemic, while 105 (52.5%) had normal hemoglobin levels. Mild anemia was the most common type (35%), followed by severe anemia (10%) and moderate anemia (2.5%). The mean hemoglobin level was 10.8 ± 1.6 g/dL. Anemia was more prevalent among females aged 14–18 years (75%) than those aged 19–24 years (25%). Low intake of iron-rich foods (48.42%), tea consumption immediately after meals (13.68%), low household income (16.84%), heavy menstrual bleeding (15%), and recurrent infections (5.26%) were identified as common factors associated with anemia.  Hemoglobin deficiency was highly prevalent among unmarried females aged 14–24 years, with mild anemia being the predominant type. Poor nutrition, low socioeconomic status, menstrual blood loss, and recurrent infections were the main associated factors. These findings highlight the need for targeted nutrition education, early screening, and public health interventions to reduce anemia and improve the health of adolescent and young women.

Keywords: Hemoglobin deficiency, anemia, unmarried females, adolescents, nutritional status, iron deficiency.