FREQUENCY OF PREGNANCY INDUCED HYPERTENSION AND THEIR ASSOCIATED RISK FACTORS IN PREGNANT WOMEN A DESCRIPTIVE CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY HELD IN MARDAN MEDICAL COMPLEX

Abstract

Pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) is a major cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality worldwide. It develops after 20 weeks of gestation in previously normotensive women and is associated with adverse maternal and fetal outcomes, including pre-eclampsia, eclampsia, placental abruption, preterm birth, intrauterine growth restriction, and neonatal mortality. Early identification of women at risk is essential for preventing complications and improving pregnancy outcomes. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the frequency of pregnancy-induced hypertension and identify its associated risk factors among pregnant women aged 18–45 years. Materials and Methods A hospital-based descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at Mardan Medical Complex, Pakistan, over a period of four months. A total of 384 pregnant women aged 18–45 years with gestational age ≥20 weeks were recruited through non-probability convenience sampling. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and review of medical records. Information regarding sociodemographic characteristics, obstetric history, medical conditions, and lifestyle factors was obtained. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 27.0. Frequencies and percentages were calculated, and associations between PIH and risk factors were assessed using the Chi-square test. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results The majority of participants were aged 26–35 years (62.5%), resided in rural areas (69.8%), and were housewives (79.4%). A positive family history of hypertension was reported by 73.2% of participants, while 61.7% had a history of chronic hypertension. Chi-square analysis demonstrated a significant association between family history of hypertension and PIH (p = 0.036). No significant associations were observed for age, education, residence, pregnancy type, antenatal attendance, chronic hypertension, diabetes mellitus, thyroid disorders, physical activity, or stress level. Conclusion Family history of hypertension was identified as a significant risk factor for pregnancy-induced hypertension. Strengthening antenatal screening and monitoring among women with a positive family history of hypertension may contribute to earlier detection and improved maternal and fetal outcomes. Keywords: Pregnancy-induced hypertension, pre-eclampsia, maternal health, risk factors, antenatal care, hypertension in pregnancy.