Incidence and outcomes of pneumonia related hospitalizations in individual with type 2 diabetes mellitus

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16925717

Abstract

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is increasingly recognized as a major comorbidity that worsens outcomes in pneumonia. Recent evidence suggests that diabetes exacerbates inflammatory responses, impairs immune defense, and prolongs recovery, but region-specific data remain scarce.Objective:To evaluate the Incidence and outcomes of pneumonia related hospitalizations in individual with type 2 diabetes mellitusMethods:We conducted a retrospective cohort study including 250 adult pneumonia admissions in Mayo Hospital, Lahore from December 2024 to May 2025. Multivariable logistic regression examined associations between T2DM and in-hospital mortality, ICU admission, mechanical ventilation, and septic shock, adjusting for age, sex, comorbidities, and severity scores. Negative binomial regression modeled length of hospital stay, while Cox proportional hazards regression analyzed 30-day readmission and mortality. Missing data exceeding 5% for any variable were addressed using multiple imputation with chained equations. Statistical significance was defined as p<0.05.Results:Of 250 pneumonia patients, 36.8% had T2DM. They were older, had more comorbidities, and experienced higher in-hospital mortality (18.5% vs. 7.6%), ICU admission (29.3% vs. 14.6%), mechanical ventilation (21.7% vs. 9.5%), septic shock (15.2% vs. 6.4%), and longer stays (9 vs. 6 days, all p<0.05). Thirty-day readmission (20.6% vs. 11.5%) and mortality (8.7% vs. 3.8%) were also higher. Adjusted analyses confirmed T2DM as an independent predictor of worse outcomes.Conclusion:T2DM substantially heightens the risk of severe complications and early mortality in pneumonia hospitalizations. Preventive strategies, early intervention, and strict glycemic control may mitigate these risks.