The Interconnected Landscape of Acute and Chronic Kidney Disease: Pathophysiology, Risk Factors, and Evolving Therapeutic Strategies. A Review

https://zenodo.org/records/20000627

Abstract

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its transition to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) become a global burden identify by its complex pathophysiology and high rate of mortality word wide. This paper focuses on the transition of acute kidney injury (AKI) to chronic kidney injury (CKD), highlighting those factors which cause permanent organ damage like NLRP3 inflammasome and ferroptosis. This paper explains co-existent kidney diseases such as type 2 diabetes and heart failure and novel markers like NT-proBNP which improve predictive accuracy. Further, we discussed the impact of COVID-19 on this vulnerable population and those agents which cause nephrotoxicity like NSAID. At the end we discussed the newly discovered therapeutic agents like SGLT2 inhibitors and artificial intelligence, machine learning in modern nephrology. This paper explains the current challenges and future direction in the field of nephrology.