RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY, BMI, GENDER, LIFESTYLE AND ITS EFFECTS ON HEALTH

Abstract

Background: Vitamin D deficiency is a widespread health concern, impacting bone health, immune function, and overall well-being. Urban populations are particularly at risk due to lifestyle factors, limited sun exposure, and dietary habits.

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate vitamin D status and its associations with demographic, anthropometric, dietary, lifestyle, and sun exposure factors among participants from four major cities of Pakistan.

Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted with 400 participants from Lahore, Multan, Islamabad, and Faisalabad, selected via randomized sampling. Anthropometric measurements, including height, weight, and BMI, were recorded, and blood samples were analyzed to determine serum vitamin D levels, categorized as deficient, insufficient, or sufficient. Structured questionnaires were used to collect data on age, gender, occupation, diet, sun exposure, and lifestyle patterns.

Results: Vitamin D deficiency was highly prevalent across all cities. Significant associations were observed between deficiency and BMI, age, and gender. Normal-weight individuals and younger adults (20–40 years) were most affected. Males exhibited higher deficiency rates, whereas females had higher insufficiency. Dietary intake varied, with Multan showing higher daily consumption of fatty fish and sardines, while Faisalabad had the lowest. Sun exposure was inconsistent, with high sunscreen use and predominantly indoor work limiting vitamin D synthesis. Lifestyle behaviors, including meal skipping, frequent consumption of sweets and sugar-sweetened beverages, and irregular calorie monitoring, further influenced vitamin D status.

Conclusion: Vitamin D deficiency is prevalent among urban populations in Pakistan, influenced by demographic, dietary, and lifestyle factors. Targeted interventions, including dietary improvements, safe sun exposure, supplementation, and public awareness campaigns, are recommended to reduce deficiency and promote overall health.