Synthesis And Utilization Of Graphene Oxide (Go) Based Ferrite Composites For Removal Of Organic Pollutants From Wastewater

Abstract

The enormous rise of the world population, as well as rapid industrial and technological development have aggravated the issue of waste-water pollution. These organic compounds are highly non-biodegradable. Therefore, dyes from industrial effluents must be treated with very effective adsorbents before to being released into the environment. The synthesized ferrites was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) techniques. The main objective of current research was to synthesize GO based ferrite composites for the ecological and cost-effective removal of wastewater contaminants. Operating parameters including contact time for the removal, pH, initial dye concentrations, dosage of the adsorbent and temperature was measured and optimized. The basic range (8–10) was found to have the ideal pH for achieving the most adsorption of the chosen color with qe values of (33.72, 28.90, 30.71 and 27.69 mg/g) for all composites respectively. The ideal adsorbent dosage for removing a particular dye was identified. All of the chosen adsorbents for the removal of the chosen dye reached equilibrium in 45–60 minutes. Observed optimum time, initial dye concentration as well as temperature values were 45mint, 100ppm and 40^oC respectively. The maximum qe values for time parameter (44.75, 39.69, 42.58 and 37.18 mg/g), for dye concentration (72.87, 62.62, 67.63 and 57.20 mg/g) and for temperature are (47.04, 42.82, 44.67 and 39.5) respectively for copper, nickel, magnesium and manganese ferrites. GO/Ag–CuFe₂O₄ exhibited the highest adsorption capacity with qe values ranging from 33.72 to 72.87 mg/g, followed by GO/Cu–MgFeO₄ (30.71–67.63 mg/g) and GO/Ag–NiFe₂O₄ (28.90–62.62 mg/g). The lowest performance was observed for GO/MnFe₂O₄, which showed qe values between 27.69 and 57.20 mg/g under various optimized conditions. The adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second-order model, showing that chemisorption dominated the dye removal process. Equilibrium data fitted well to the Langmuir isotherm, confirming monolayer adsorption on uniform surface sites. Thermodynamic analysis revealed negative ΔG and ΔH values, indicating that the adsorption was spontaneous and exothermic, while positive ΔS reflected increased disorder at the interface. Thermodynamic studies was carried out to calculate entropy, enthalpy and Gibbs free energy values, equilibrium studies was performed using Langmuir and Freundlich models and kinetic studies was conducted to determine the mechanism and the rate of reaction.