Prevalence, Etiology, and Risk Factors of Dental Caries in Toddlers and Adolescents in Sindh and Balochistan: A Regional Study on Oral Health Challenges in Pakistan

Abstract

Dental caries is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases in children and adolescents globally, with significant impacts on both oral health and overall well-being. In Pakistan, particularly in the regions of Sindh and Balochistan, this condition remains a major public health concern, yet limited data exists regarding its prevalence, etiology, and associated risk factors in these regions. This study aimed to assess the prevalence, etiology, and risk factors of dental caries in toddlers and adolescents in Sindh and Balochistan by conducting a cross-sectional study from January to June 2024. The study involved 500 children aged 2–18 years, selected from both urban and rural areas. Data were collected through clinical dental examinations and parental interviews, which focused on oral hygiene practices, dietary habits, and socioeconomic status. The DMFT (Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth) index was used to measure caries prevalence. Results revealed that 65% of toddlers and 85% of adolescents had dental caries, with significantly higher prevalence in rural areas. The study identified key etiological factors, including high sugar intake, poor oral hygiene, and lack of fluoride toothpaste. Additionally, low parental education and limited access to dental care were strongly associated with higher caries prevalence. The findings underscore the urgent need for region-specific interventions, including oral health education, dietary modifications, and improved access to dental care, particularly in rural communities. This study provides essential evidence to guide public health policies and targeted preventive programs aimed at reducing the burden of dental caries in these underserved regions of Pakistan.