Targeting Copper Metabolism in Cancer: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies

Abstract

Copper is an essential trace element that plays a critical role in numerous cellular processes including enzymatic reactions, signaling pathways, and redox homeostasis. Dysregulation of copper levels, whether through excess accumulation or abnormal intracellular distribution, can lead to cellular toxicity and has been implicated in the development and progression of various cancers. Elevated copper levels in tumor cells contribute to cancer hallmarks such as enhanced cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Therapeutic strategies targeting copper homeostasis including copper chelators and copper ion carriers have shown promise in modulating copper levels and inhibiting tumor growth. This review summarizes current knowledge on copper regulation within cells, the role of copper and copper binding proteins in cancer pathophysiology, and recent advances in the development of copper based anticancer therapies.