Gender Based Association of Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Cardiac Biomarkers in Patients

Abstract

Background: Cardiovascular disease remains the leading global cause of morbidity and mortality. Although conventional risk factors are well established, the role of gender in shaping cardiovascular risk and biomarker expression among younger populations is less clear. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate gender-based associations of conventional cardiovascular risk factors and cardiac biomarkers in patients presenting with chest pain. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 100 patients (60 males, 40 females) aged 18–60 years. Demographic data, lifestyle factors, and medical history were recorded. Serum levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, high-sensitivity troponin-I, N-terminal pro–B-type natriuretic peptide, creatine phosphokinase, creatine kinase-MB, and lactate dehydrogenase were measured. Associations between gender, risk factors (physical activity, hypertension, smoking, diabetes mellitus), and biomarker levels were analyzed using chi-square tests. Results: Elevated levels of various biomarkers were observed across participants, with wide inter-individual variability. However, no statistically significant associations were found between gender and biomarker expression (CPK p=0.077, CK-MB p=0.110, LDH p=0.259, hs-cTnI p=0.672, hs-CRP p=0.409, NT-proBNP p=0.539). Similarly, no significant correlations were identified between biomarkers and physical activity, hypertension, smoking, or diabetes mellitus (all p > 0.05). Conclusion: In this study, cardiac biomarker elevations were not significantly influenced by gender or conventional cardiovascular risk factors. These findings suggest that biomarker changes may reflect subclinical myocardial stress or injury beyond the explanatory scope of traditional risk factors.

Keywords:

Cardiovascular Disease, Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Cardiac Biomarker