Association Between Sleep Quality And Cardiometabolic Risk Factors Among Adults Attending A Tertiary Care Hospital In Pakistan': A Narrative Review

Abstract

Background: Poor sleep quality and poor sleep deprivation have become important yet often underrated factors contributing to metabolic and cardiovascular deterioration worldwide and domestically. While the traditional approach has mainly focused on lifestyle determinants such as dietary habits and physical inactivity, recent medical research has pointed out poor sleep quality as one of the main causes of metabolic dysfunction. In Pakistan, the public and clinical health models have been concerned more about high-level risk factors such as hypertension, smoking, and diabetes. Nonetheless, modern day socio-environmental determinants such as fast pace of urbanization, changing demands of occupations, stress, inflation-induced pressure, and crowded multi-generation households have led to a 'silent epidemic' of poor sleep health within the nation. As a result, adult patients referred to tertiary hospitals in Pakistan commonly display highly deteriorated cardio metabolic indicators, which seem to be correlated with poor sleep quality. Below is the relationship between sleep quality and risk factors of cardio metabolic diseases in adult population attending a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan. Problems in Pakistan: Poor sleep health has become an unspoken epidemic due to rapid urbanization, change in shift work, high levels of psychological distress, and dense multigenerational living arrangements in Pakistan. Upon presentation at tertiary care centers, it is common for adults to suffer from severe co-complication of poorly controlled cardiometabolic risk factors. Cardiometabolic Risks: Sleep deprivation sets off a complex chain reaction of multi-systemic harm, which involves the disintegration of physiological rhythms, chronic elevation of systemic inflammation markers, peripheral insulin resistance, and premature deterioration of the vascular endothelium. Objectives: This narrative review highlights the present-day epidemiological scenario of sleep disturbance among adult populations in Pakistan, elaborates on the biological mechanisms involved in the relation between low-quality sleep and cardiometabolic dysfunction, and describes the essential clinical strategies needed for reducing cardiovascular deaths in Pakistan