Decoding the Silent Threat of Heart Attack: Emerging Risk Factors, Diagnostic Biomarkers and Innovative Therapeutic Approaches

Abstract

Heart attack, especially myocardial infarction, is an important global health issue and should be noted that it sometimes occurs with insignificant or unrecognized symptoms. While classical risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, obesity, smoking, and dyslipidemia are known, new ones under consideration include chronic inflammation, stress, sleeping disorders, air pollution, metabolic disorders, genetic predisposition, and changes in gut microbiome. Recent advances in diagnosis have led to the elaboration of new biomarkers that can be used for detection and risk assessment in cardiovascular disease such as high-sensitivity cardiac troponin and natriuretic peptides, inflammatory markers, microRNAs, extracellular vesicles, metabolomic profile. The improvements of diagnosis also relate to the use of artificial intelligence and advanced imaging technologies and help to improve the identification of silent myocardial injury and vulnerable plaques due to the integration of new risk factors, biomarkers, and treatment strategies

Keywords: Heart attack, Myocardial infarction, Emerging risk factors, Diagnostic biomarkers, Cardiac troponins, Inflammation, Atherosclerosis, Precision medicine, Artificial intelligence, Innovative therapies