Phage-Derived Enzymes as alternative therapeutics against antibiotic resistant pathogens

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance is a globally rising threat to health, diminishing antibiotic efficacy and threatening contemporary medical treatments. As part of creative solutions, page derived lytic enzymes (PLEs), especially endolysins, to antibiotics. They hydrolyze the peptidoglycan bacterial cell wall allowing quick and targeted destruction of pathogens, including multidrug resistant (MDR) and biofilm-related strains. This review discusses the biology and mechanisms of PLEs, their functional domains, bactericidal specificity, and engineering innovations including arti-lysins and chemo-lysins that increase efficacy against Gram positive as well as gram negative bacteria. Preclinical trials have shown excellent therapeutic potential, with minimal cytotoxicity, Infrequent resistance development and safety conformed in animal and limited human trails.  applications outside clinical medicine, including veterinary health, agriculture and food safety, demonstrate the wide potential of PLEs as sustainable antimicrobial agents. But there is still much to overcome in terms of immunogenicity, delivery methods and bulk productions. Future directions include combining CRISPR-based engineering, synthetic biology, nanotechnology and diagnostics innovations to increase enzyme stability, expand host range, and enhance pharmacokinetics profiles. Together, this review highlights the potential of phage -derived lytic enzymes as next generation therapeutics to combat AMR and regain efficacy in infection.