Nanotechnology-Based Smart Drug Delivery Systems for Controlled and Targeted Therapeutic Applications

Abstract

Nanotechnology has revolutionized modern drug delivery by enabling the development of smart delivery systems capable of achieving controlled drug release, targeted therapeutic delivery, and improved treatment efficacy. Unlike conventional drug administration methods, nanotechnology-based smart drug delivery systems enhance the bioavailability, stability, and site-specific accumulation of therapeutic agents while minimizing systemic toxicity and adverse side effects. This review paper examines recent advances in nanotechnology-based smart drug delivery systems for controlled and targeted therapeutic applications. The study explores a wide range of nanocarriers, including liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanogels, micelles, mesoporous silica nanoparticles, and metallic nanoparticles, highlighting their physicochemical properties and biomedical applications. Furthermore, the review discusses active and passive targeting strategies, stimulus-responsive drug release mechanisms, and surface functionalization techniques that improve therapeutic precision. Emerging applications in cancer therapy, infectious diseases, cardiovascular disorders, neurological diseases, and gene delivery are also critically evaluated. Despite significant progress, challenges related to nanotoxicity, large-scale manufacturing, long-term biocompatibility, regulatory approval, and clinical translation continue to impede widespread implementation. This review synthesizes current developments and emphasizes the potential of nanotechnology-based smart drug delivery systems to advance precision medicine by improving therapeutic outcomes and patient safety.