OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS AND CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH: A NARRATIVE REVIEW

Abstract

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have attracted considerable attention because of their protective effects against cardiovascular disease (CVD), one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. This narrative review provides a comprehensive overview of the role of omega-3 fatty acids in cardiovascular health, with particular emphasis on alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Relevant literature was retrieved from PubMed, Google Scholar, and Sci-Hub to summarize current evidence regarding dietary sources, physiological mechanisms, clinical outcomes, and therapeutic recommendations. ALA is primarily obtained from plant-based foods such as flaxseed, chia seeds, walnuts, soybean, and canola oil, whereas EPA and DHA are mainly derived from fatty fish, seafood, fish oil, breast milk, and marine microorganisms. Evidence indicates that omega-3 PUFAs exert cardioprotective effects through multiple mechanisms, including anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, antiarrhythmic, triglyceride-lowering, and endothelial function-enhancing activities, as well as modulation of gene expression and membrane fluidity. Clinical studies demonstrate that increased intake of EPA and DHA is associated with reduced risks of myocardial infarction, major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), coronary heart disease, and cardiovascular mortality. High-dose EPA therapy, particularly 4 g/day, has shown significant reductions in cardiovascular events among high-risk individuals. Studies recommend regular consumption of fatty fish and appropriate omega-3 supplementation, particularly for individuals with hypertriglyceridemia or elevated cardiovascular risk. Nevertheless, inconsistencies regarding optimal dosage, formulation, duration of supplementation, and comparative efficacy of EPA alone versus EPA plus DHA remain. Further large-scale, well-designed clinical trials are needed to establish standardized recommendations and clarify the long-term cardiovascular benefits of omega-3 fatty acids across diverse populations