Contrast-Induced Nephropathy Following Coronary Angiography and Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: Incidence and Associated Risk Factors

Abstract

Background: Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is a common complication associated with coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). It can result in acute renal impairment, extended hospitalization, and poor clinical results. This study will determine its prevalence and evaluate three categories of risk variables at the demographic, clinical, and procedural levels, with a particular emphasis on contrast medium dosage, diabetes, and renal function indicators.

Methods: A prospective observational cohort study included 150 adult patients having non-compulsory or acute coronary angiography and/or PCI at a tertiary care facility. Baseline demographic and medical records, including diabetes status, high blood pressure, serum creatinine, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) determined using the CKD-EPI equation, had been acquired. All patients received standard prophylactic hydration with intravenous 0.9% saline before and after contrast injection. Serum creatinine levels were retested 24 hours following the surgery. CIN is characterized as a rise in serum creatinine by ≥0.5 mg/dL or ≥25% increase from baseline within 24 hours after comparison publicity. Statistical analyses were carried out in R Studio model 4.3 using Chi-square tests, impartial-samples t-tests, Spearman's rank correlation, and multivariable logistic regression.

Results: The overall CIN incidence was 58.0% (87/150). Diabetic individuals experienced CIN substantially more frequently than non-diabetic patients (66% vs. 46%, p = 0.014). Diabetic patients were older, had a higher prevalence of hypertension, got more contrast media, and had larger decreases in eGFR after the surgery. Contrast volume had a significant positive connection with post-procedural serum creatinine increases (ρ = 0.65, p < 0.001). After adjusting for confounding variables, multivariable logistic regression revealed that higher contrast volume and lower baseline eGFR were independent predictors of CIN, while diabetes mellitus was not.

Conclusion: CIN is a common complication for individuals undergoing coronary angiography and PCI. Increased contrast volume and poor baseline renal function were independent predictors of CIN. These findings highlight the relevance of pre-procedural renal risk classification and the appropriate use of contrast media in reducing the development of CIN and improving patient outcomes.