Multifunctional Green Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles from Typha angustifolia: Antimicrobial, Antiparasitic, and Enzyme Inhibitory Effects

Abstract

Nanotechnology is a rapidly evolving field of science with broad applications in medicine, agriculture, environmental remediation, and biotechnology. Among various nanomaterials, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have gained considerable attention owing to their remarkable antimicrobial efficacy and unique physicochemical properties. In the present study, phytochemical screening of Typha angustifolia leaf extract was conducted and utilized for the green synthesis of AgNPs. The biosynthesized nanoparticles were characterized using UV–Visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Furthermore, the synthesized AgNPs were evaluated for their antimicrobial and pharmacological activities. HPLC analysis of T. angustifolia extract revealed the presence of diverse phenolic constituents, with ferulic acid detected at the lowest concentration (10.3 ppm) and chlorogenic acid recorded as the most abundant compound (317.9 ppm). The synthesized AgNPs demonstrated significant antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger, exhibiting a maximum growth inhibition of 64.4%. Strong antibacterial activity was also observed against Escherichia coli, producing an inhibition zone of 14.3 mm at a concentration of 10 mg/mL. In antiparasitic assays, the nanoparticles showed substantial inhibitory effects, achieving 75.41 ± 1.16% inhibition against promastigotes and 71.13 ± 0.12% inhibition against amastigotes at 200 µg/mL. Additionally, considerable inhibition of α-glucosidase and α-amylase enzymes was observed, indicating promising antidiabetic potential. Hemolytic evaluation confirmed that the AgNPs were biocompatible and exhibited negligible toxicity toward healthy human red blood cells (RBCs). These findings suggest that Typha angustifolia-mediated silver nanoparticles possess significant potential for antimicrobial, antiparasitic, and antidiabetic applications, highlighting their value as eco-friendly nanomaterials for future biomedical and pharmaceutical use.