SEROPREVALENCE OF HIV, HBV, AND HCV AMONG MULTI-TRANSFUSED BETA THALASSEMIA MAJOR PATIENTS IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL

Abstract

Background: Beta thalassemia major is a hereditary hematological disorder characterized by severe chronic anemia that necessitates lifelong, regular blood transfusions for survival. Although transfusion therapy is life-saving, it exposes patients to a significant risk of transfusion-transmitted infections (TTIs), including hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This risk is further amplified in developing countries due to variability in donor screening practices.

Objective: The present study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of HBV, HCV, and HIV among multi-transfused patients with beta thalassemia major in a tertiary care hospital. Additionally, the study assessed the association of these infections with demographic characteristics and transfusion history.

Methodology: A cross-sectional study design was employed involving patients diagnosed with transfusion-dependent beta thalassemia major. Blood samples were collected and tested for HBsAg, anti-HCV antibodies, and HIV antibodies using standard serological methods. A structured questionnaire was used to obtain data on patient demographics, transfusion frequency, and clinical history. The collected data were analyzed to determine prevalence rates and to evaluate variations in infection distribution.

Results: The study found that transfusion-transmitted viral infections remain a significant health burden among multi-transfused thalassemia patients. HCV was identified as the most prevalent infection, followed by HBV, while HIV positivity was rare. A higher prevalence of infections was observed in older patients and in those who had received a greater number of blood transfusions, indicating a positive correlation between cumulative transfusion exposure and infection risk.

Conclusion: Despite advancements in blood safety measures, transfusion-transmitted infections continue to pose a serious threat to patients with beta thalassemia major. The findings highlight the urgent need for improved donor screening strategies, including the implementation of nucleic acid testing (NAT), alongside strengthened preventive policies to reduce infection transmission and improve long-term patient outcomes