Maternal Risk Factors Associated with Intrauterine Growth Restriction

Abstract

Keywords:

Intrauterine growth restriction, maternal risk factors, anemia, hypertension, antenatal care, Pakistan.

Received on 24 Aug, 2025

Accepted on 26 Aug 2025

Published on 30 Aug 2025

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Introduction: Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) remains a major contributor to perinatal morbidity and mortality, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Identifying maternal risk factors is crucial for prevention and early management. Methodology: This analytical cross-sectional study was conducted at PAF HOSPITAL MUSHAF, Sargodha, over 03 months (May–Aug 2025). A total of 101 pregnant women were included, calculated using a prevalence of 40% and 10% precision. Data on sociodemographic, clinical, and obstetric factors were collected through structured proformas and medical records. SPSS version 26.0 was used for statistical analysis. Descriptive statistics, independent t-test, chi-square test, and logistic regression were applied, with p < 0.05 considered significant. Results: The mean maternal age was 27.8 ± 5.6 years, and the mean BMI was 24.9 ± 3.4 kg/m². IUGR was diagnosed in 39.6% of cases. Anemia was present in 45.5% of women, hypertension in 21.8%, and diabetes in 12.9%. Independent t-tests showed significantly fewer antenatal visits in the IUGR group (3.1 ± 1.4 vs. 5.7 ± 1.8; p < 0.001). Chi-square analysis revealed significant associations between IUGR and anemia (p = 0.002), hypertension (p = 0.004), and rural residence (p = 0.021). Logistic regression identified anemia (aOR = 3.26, 95% CI: 1.45–7.31) and hypertension (aOR = 2.84, 95% CI: 1.18–6.83) as independent predictors of IUGR. Conclusion: Anemia, hypertension, limited antenatal visits, and rural residence were significant maternal risk factors for IUGR. Enhancing antenatal screening and early treatment of the conditions can decrease poor fetal results.