100 kDa Ultrafiltration-Based SERS Detection of Serum Biomarkers in Colorectal Cancer Patients

Abstract

Blood contains key biomarkers for medical screening due to its interaction with numerous organs as well as tissues throughout the body. Humans blood serum serves as a repository for high molecular weight fraction (HMWF) and low molecular weight fraction (LMWF) proteins. LMWF proteins are regarded as disorder flag proteins which can be often inhibited with the aid of HMWF proteins at some stage in evaluation. This problem is resolved through the use of a filtration equipment to separate particles from blood samples containing biomarker proteins equivalent to the filtering device's threshold limit. This study utilizes 100 kDa filter devices to extract filtrate from blood samples of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients and healthy people, then characterizing the samples using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) using gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) as the substrate. This method is anticipated to provide filtrate containing marker proteins under 100 kDa, linked to colorectal cancer. Such marker proteins fall within a certain size range, with a threshold of approximately 100 kDa. Therefore. Some prominent SERS bands are observed at 357 cm⁻¹, 491 cm⁻¹, 549 cm⁻¹, 597 cm⁻¹, 730 cm⁻¹, 747 cm⁻¹, 1079 cm⁻¹, 1331 cm⁻¹, 1363 cm⁻¹, 1574 cm⁻¹, and 1688 cm⁻¹, which distinguishes CRC patients than individuals in good health. Additionally, the SERS spectrum datasets of diverse samples are categorized using two chemical approaches: principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA). The testing of the LDA classification, it will be much easier to diagnose by way of their feature SERS spectral features in comparison to their analysis within the respective complete blood serum samples due to the omission of large sized proteins. those proteins which might be gift in the filtrate quantities of CRC sufferers may include carcinoembryonic antigen fragments, CA 19-9, interleukin-6, TNF-α, VEGF, and various different inflammatory and tumor markerson framework shows a success rate of 88%, validity of 85%, overall, a sensitivity figure of 91%, and an area under the curve of 0.88.