Application of Probiotics and Their Metabolites: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

Probiotics and their metabolites have gained increasing recognition due to their extensive applications in human health, disease prevention, and industry. This review synthesizes the latest advances regarding the biological functions and applications of probiotics, postbiotics, and paraprobiotics. Highlighting their roles in modulating the gut microbiota, enhancing immune responses, managing metabolic and gastrointestinal disorders, and impacting mental health via the gut-brain axis, this paper integrates evidence from 50 recent studies. The potential use of probiotic metabolites in food preservation and therapeutics is also discussed. Challenges, safety concerns, and future directions in personalized probiotic therapies and next-generation probiotics are elaborated.