Penicillins: An Updated Review on its Therapeutic Potential and Resistance Trends

Abstract

Penicillin, discovered in 1928, is becoming increasingly resistant due to beta-lactamase synthesis, changed binding proteins, and decreased permeability.  Ampicillin resistance approaches 80% in places like India, complicating therapy.  Penicillin allergies affect fewer than 5% of people, but can complicate matters.  Metal nanoparticles are being investigated as an alternative therapy to combat antibiotic resistance.  Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) must be addressed continuously through monitoring and innovation.